A history of "Cape Jazz"

A guide through Cape Town's very own bossa nova.

A young Mac McKenzie performing as part of The Genuines. Photo by Paul Weinberg.

A young Mac McKenzie performing as part of The Genuines. Photo by Paul Weinberg.

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I will always hear Cape Jazz as a certain sound. If you know it, and you hear it, you know it.
Hilton Schilder

A sound, a people, a place.

"Cape Jazz" is a difficult concept to define. Yet, for some it has a rich connotation, bringing back memories of a time gone by, in dark jazz clubs in the dead of night, listening to sultry smooth tones. For others, it reminds them of an entire orchestra, in a well-lit arena, listening to bellowing saxophones and guitars. And for others, the term feels like an exclusionary label meant to box in musicians identified as "Coloured" in the Cape.

However, for all who have had the joy of listening to this "Jazz from the Cape", they can remember a feeling: part joy, part sadness, part anger, part celebration. A feeling like no other.

A feeling of home.

For some this will be an introduction, for others a trip down memory lane, but for all it will hopefully be a reminder of music's ability to capture an inexplicable, inescapable feeling.

Albums & Performances:

Below are some of the most pivotal, groundbreaking records in all of "Cape Jazz". From 1959 all the way to modern day, these are the sounds that define a sound, a place, and a people.

Jonas Gwangwa with Hugh Masekela and Kippie Moeketsi. Photo from Africa Media Online.

Jonas Gwangwa with Hugh Masekela and Kippie Moeketsi. Photo from Africa Media Online.

Jonas Gwangwa with Hugh Masekela and Kippie Moeketsi. Photo from Africa Media Online.

The album cover for 'Duke Ellington Presents... The Dollar Brand Trio'.

The album cover for 'Duke Ellington Presents... The Dollar Brand Trio'.

The cover art for the album "Mannenberg - is where it's happening".

The cover art for the album "Mannenberg - is where it's happening".

The cover art for the album "Mannenberg - is where it's happening".

The cover art for the album "On Time" by Pacific Express.

The cover art for the album "On Time" by Pacific Express.

The cover art for the album "On Time" by Pacific Express.

Tony Schilder playing live with his legendary piano. From Warren Ludski.

Tony Schilder playing live with his legendary piano. From Warren Ludski.

Tony Schilder playing live with his legendary piano. From Warren Ludski.

The cover art for The Genuines' debut album, Goema.

The cover art for The Genuines' debut album, Goema.

The cover art for The Genuines' debut album, Goema.

The cover art for the compilation album, simply titled Cape Jazz.

The cover art for the compilation album, simply titled Cape Jazz.

The cover art for the compilation album, simply titled Cape Jazz.

The cover art for The Cape Doctor by Robbie Jansen.

The cover art for The Cape Doctor by Robbie Jansen.

The cover art for The Cape Doctor by Robbie Jansen.

The cover art for Musical Democracy by the Cape Jazz Band.

The cover art for Musical Democracy by the Cape Jazz Band.

The cover art for Musical Democracy by the Cape Jazz Band.

1959

The Jazz Epistles, Verse 1

The short-lived jazz band The Jazz Epistles, featuring a young Abdullah Ibrahim, release the first ever album recorded entirely by Black South Africans.

While being more bebop than Cape Jazz, the album still broke new ground in Apartheid South Africa, and in turn inspired generations of black artists to follow in the footsteps of these pioneers.

1964

Duke Ellington Presents..., The Dollar Brand Trio

Exiled and living in Zurich, Abdullah Ibrahim is introduced to American jazz legend Duke Ellington. Soon after, he records an album (with fellow expats Johnny Gertze and Makaya Ntshoko) co-signed by Ellington.

This was the first instance of a high profile, global name being associated with a South African jazz project, and launched the group (and SA jazz as a whole) into the spotlight, putting the world on notice.

1974

Mannenberg, Abdullah Ibrahim

Abdullah Ibrahim, following a chance return to South Africa from exile, records the song Mannenberg (and its accompanying album) with a legendary group including Basil Coetzee & Robbie Jansen. The record reflected both the intense struggle and immense joy of those living in the titular suburb in the Cape Flats.

To this day, Mannenberg is played in clubs across the country and in festivals abroad, remaining the song most synonymous with Cape Jazz.

1978

On Time, Pacific Express

Following a successful debut with their album Black Fire, the group Pacific Express release their sophomore record. Heavily suppressed in their own country, a pirated version of the album becomes popular in West Africa, even getting released in France and Japan, gaining the group international recognition.

Despite not being seen as a "Cape Jazz" band (as they were much more soul and funk-adjacent), their long list of influential members - including Jack Momple, Robbie Jansen, and Alvin Dyers - would go on to be figureheads of the genre in the following years.

1984

At Montreal, Tony Schilder

The legendary Tony Schilder Quartet release a song to advertise and celebrate the the club Montreal and its people. The song itself stands out in the Cape Jazz sphere, as it is one of the few that contain vocals, sung (most famously) by the ever-smooth jazz performer Leslie Kleinsmith.

Montreal was based in Manenberg, and had been a staple in the jazz scene in the Cape Flats for many years, with Schilder and his group being the resident musicians performing every night. Decades after its closing, At Montreal can still evoke the feeling of sitting in the club and enjoying a legendary jazz show.

1986

Goema, The Genuines

Formed in Cape Town by Mac McKenzie, Hilton Schilder, Ian Herman and Gerard O'Brien, The Genuines release their debut album Goema. infusing jazz stylings with a pop-punk aesthetic. Soon after release, the album was banned as it contained anti-Apartheid messaging, only furthering its mysterious, underground status.

This reinvented Cape Jazz as a dynamic & exciting genre, shedding the negative connotations of it simply being a "historical tradition" passed on generation to generation. Simply put, it made being a jazz listener cool again.

1992

Cape Jazz, Various Artists

Issued as part of a series starting in 1992, Mountain Records (the label most prominently associated with many Cape Jazz artists) released the first Cape Jazz compilation album. Featuring productions from legends and veterans from all across the genre - Tony Schilder, Mac McKenzie, Basil Coetzee and beyond - this first iteration (and its many follow-ups) display some of the best that the scene has to offer.

More than simply a good collection of tracks, this compilation album helped immensely in preserving the genre's history, and made older, difficult-to-find gems publicly available once more.

2000

The Cape Doctor, Robbie Jansen

Recorded with his all-star group 'The Sons of Table Mountain', Robbie Jansen's second album was one of the first major releases in Cape Jazz following the end of Apartheid. On the album cover, Jansen is seen wearing traditional facial markings alongside old rock art, a heritage reflected in the song Khoisan Symphony and the closing track Air Free.

Just like the strong south-easterly wind the album name references, The Cape Doctor ushered in a new beginning for Cape Jazz: a post-Apartheid optimism mixed with a renewed interest in the culture of the past.

2013

Musical Democracy, The Cape Jazz Band

After having performed live together for many years, this group, containing legends and rookies alike, finally release their first (and only) studio album. It features standout performances from each of its core members, with Jack Momple's stellar drumming on "Jakkals Draai Goema" only surpassed by Ramon Alexander's incredible piano on "Three Khois in a Fountain". The song ABREM serves as an excellent memorial for many Cape Jazz legends who passed away too young.

Musical Democracy serves as a true passing-of-the-torch moment, as lesser known members like Ramon Alexander and Kyle Shepherd were allowed to truly shine alongside stars like Errol Dyers and Jack Momple, giving them a platform to build their own, newer idea of Cape Jazz.

Bands & Groups:

Below are some of the most influential groups to have graced the Cape Jazz scene. Filled with legends from various homes, backgrounds and eras, coming together to perform greatness; this is what Cape Jazz is all about.

The Genuines

Formed in 1986, this quartet breathed new life into the Cape Jazz scene. They took the traditional sounds that had been associated with the genre, and put them in a leather jacket with sunglasses.

This pop-punk attitude broke entirely new ground, and allowed for much greater experimentation with the sounds and styles that Cape Jazz had been boxed into. Not only did they fight against traditional understandings of genre, they also took part in the fight against Apartheid, performing at numerous anti-government rallies.

Their biggest song, Die Struggle tackles the oppressive system head-on, while reflecting both the exasperation and anger of the people it segregated.

Mac McKenzie

The son of a legendary Kaapse Klopse band leader, Mac was a born composer, and was seen as the figurehead of the group. His intention was to bring Cape Jazz & goema into modern times, and evolve the genres past being simply "traditional music". His kaleidoscopic guitar playing was a pivotal gateway to The Genuines' being able to incorporate sounds across musical and cultural barriers into cohesive pieces of work.

Hilton Schilder

As part of a musical dynasty, Hilton is one of many Schilders who have greatly influenced South African music, but still stands as a pioneer in his own right. A jack of all trades, he is proficient with string and woodwind instruments alike, even lending his voice to some tracks, but is always most at home on the keys. His various styles, ranging from 80s synth chords to classical piano harmonies, can always be heard in the background, and even given headlining features on some select tracks, where he can really flaunt his abilities.

Gerard O'Brien

Little is known publicly about O'Brien, save that he was born in Port Elizabeth and was a long-time collaborator of McKenzie's, even before the band got together. As is typical with the bass guitarist persona, he was known for his laid-back demeanour (in sharp contrast to Mac). Nevertheless, his talents were never wasted on any track, always impeccably holding down the rhythm and allowing the sharper & louder instruments to shine at the forefront.

Ian Herman

Despite being the only member not from the Cape region, Herman didn't find any difficulties slotting in perfectly with the rest of the group, able to perform both regular drum beats and traditional goema rhythms. He was replaced by Jack Momple after leaving for the US, however his skill as one of South Africa's best drumming talents was plain to see from early on. Particularly, his ability to drive forward the frenetic, punk-inspired jams on the band's first album is impressive to this day.

After nearly a decade of recording and touring worldwide, the band eventually broke up around the mid-1990s. Despite this, all the founding members continued to play and influence Cape Jazz for decades to come, and stand tall as legends of the scene.

Photo retrieved from Shifty Records.

The Cape Jazz Band

This aptly-named group blended both what is old and new, with artists from different eras playing a mix of classics and new compositions. Their 2013 album, Musical Democracy, is one of the last notable releases from some genre mainstays. Despite having a roster of famous players moving in and out of the band, from Alex van Heerden to Kyle Shepherd, its core members are all extremely important figures in the scene's recent history.

Jack Momple

Despite not actually being from Cape Town, Momple is one of the most experienced veterans in all of Cape Jazz. A nomad, he played across various popular bands in the scene: including Pacific Express, Sabenza, and even had a stint towards the end of The Genuines' run.

With The Cape Jazz Band, Momple was able to show off his compositional and leadership skills. His smooth drumming ability is instrumental to every track, with a signature Cape flair that would make you believe he's lived here all his life.

Spencer Mbadu

Growing up in Nyanga, Mbadu was born into a musical family - with music teachers and church choir players throughout. Despite being a relatively quiet man by most accounts, he did not shy away from making political statements, such as performing at UDF rallies during Apartheid (alongside many of his peers).

In line with his personality, his bass was usually understated, not keen to take the spotlight, but still able to captivate anyone who cares to listen.

Ramon Alexander

Coming into the scene relatively late, Alexander only got into jazz after going to the Grahamstown National Arts Festival at 15 years old. Despite studying at Stellenbosch University to be a winemaker, his casual interest in jazz had grown to true passion in the intervening years, and his focus shifted to that of becoming a musician.

This decision has paid dividends, as Alexander's graceful fingers are one of the main highlights of the band's releases, following a long line of Cape Jazz greats who made their name on the ivory keys.

Errol Dyers

Born in Claremont, Errol Dyers and brother Alvin would spend weekends listening intently to what was being played in the streets, eventually getting a guitar to share between the two of them. From there, the two brothers taught themselves, even having their own band for a short time. Errol was sometimes seen as a distant figure, usually "the quiet one". Much of his career was focused on honing his skills as a solo artist, never staying in any band for long.

Despite this, his work as part of The Cape Jazz Band blended seamlessly with the rest of the group, his guitar phasing in and out of prominence as the moods of each track shifted.

Despite only having one notable album release, the group continued to perform across the country for many years, even touring the Borneo Jazz Festival in Malaysia. Sadly, the group is no longer active, as some of its core members have since passed away. Still, their status as modern greats of the scene remains intact.

Photo received from Warren Ludski.

Remembering legends:

We have had to say goodbye to many Cape Jazz legends, especially in recent years. Luckily, their stories live on, both in the hearts of those that heard them, and their music we can continue to listen to today.

Basil 'Manenberg' Coetzee in concert, playing the tenor saxophone. By Warren Ludski.

Basil 'Manenberg' Coetzee in concert, playing the tenor saxophone. By Warren Ludski.

Basil 'Manenberg' Coetzee in concert, playing the tenor saxophone. By Warren Ludski.

Basil Coetzee

1944-1998

Part of the legendary "Mannenberg" recording group, Coetzee was a staunch anti-Apartheid activist, and an expert tenor saxophonist.

Some of his best work came with his group Sabenza, and his posthumous solo album "B".

Robbie Jansen posing with his favourite instrument, the alto saxophone. By Steve Gordon for Mail & Guardian.

Robbie Jansen posing with his favourite instrument, the alto saxophone. By Steve Gordon for Mail & Guardian.

Robbie Jansen posing with his favourite instrument, the alto saxophone. By Steve Gordon for Mail & Guardian.

Robbie Jansen

1949-2010

Involved in multiple groups across different eras from Johnny Clegg to The Sons of Table Mountain, Jansen is nothing short of a Cape Jazz hero.

His final solo outing, Nomad Jez, is widely considered his best work, and was nominated for many awards in 2005.

Van Heerden playing the trumpet, as part of the cover art for his album Ale!x.

Van Heerden playing the trumpet, as part of the cover art for his album Ale!x.

Van Heerden playing the trumpet, as part of the cover art for his album Ale!x.

Alex van Heerden

1974-2009

Despite being an Afrikaans boy from Port Elizabeth, van Heerden was celebrated as both an excellent student and incredible pioneer of Cape Jazz's evolution.

His multi-instrumental talents can be seen in this performance of Hotnotsteeparty with Jansen.

A still from a classic Spencer Mbadu performance, in complete harmony with his bass guitar. By John Wilpers.

A still from a classic Spencer Mbadu performance, in complete harmony with his bass guitar. By John Wilpers.

A still from a classic Spencer Mbadu performance, in complete harmony with his bass guitar. By John Wilpers.

Spencer Mbadu

1955-2023

A quiet, often understated, but always necessary aspect of many groups over the years, Mbadu was a soft-spoken bassist capable of holding down any rhythm.

His beautiful bass guitar can be heard all across Musical Democracy, filling gaps and carrying grooves forward.

Mac McKenzie playing his famous bass guitar, sensing the rhythm. By Paul Weinberg.

Mac McKenzie playing his famous bass guitar, sensing the rhythm. By Paul Weinberg.

Mac McKenzie playing his famous bass guitar, sensing the rhythm. By Paul Weinberg.

Mac McKenzie

1964-2024

The leading voice behind many bands and eras of Cape Jazz, McKenzie was a one-of-a-kind composer, guitar player and visionary with an untouchable legacy.

Picking a definitive Mac performance is hard, but his guitar duet with his father on Mr Mac and the Genuines is truly special.

The Dyers brothers happily posing together. Photo received from IOL.

The Dyers brothers happily posing together. Photo received from IOL.

Errol & Alvin Dyers

1952-2017, 1953-2024

Growing up, the Dyers brothers both took a keen interest in the guitar, eventually getting one to share. Their incredible performing, both together and apart in separate groups, have put them on the Cape Jazz hall of fame forever.

Alvin's beautiful performance of "Sugar Shake", in remembrance of his brother, is a touching moment to witness.

A continuous history

This has been an extremely short overview of an entire genre of music, one that is still alive and kicking today with artists like Benjamin Jephta and Kyle Shepherd incorporating these sounds into fresh, forward-facing work.

However, it is important that we pay our respects to those that came before, and experience their immense legacies that have done so much, for so many.

Thank you for spending the time to read this. Below will be a final few performances, songs, and interviews that serve as further reading for anyone interested.